Invented by Frederick Scott Archer in 1851, the wet plate process was a collodion-on-glass negative method. It was basically and emulsion of silver halides suspended in gelatin, involving exposing and processing the collodion before it dried.
It was the first practical way of obtaining permanant images on glass, which were of good quality and effectively grainless. Wet plate process proved to be quite inconvenient, as a whole darkroom set up would have to be taken everywhere. Also dirt and dust would be caught on the plate's sticky, adhesive surface. However, the process became an immediate success due to its low cost and high quality images produced, superseding daguerreotype and calotype.
The method used the following steps:
A solution of iodised collodion is poured onto a thoroughly cleaned glass plate. The liquid is spread evenly across the plate by gently tilting it backwards and forwards, allowing it to set enough for it to hold.The excess solution is poured back into a bottle.
A chemical reaction occurs when the plate is then immersed in a silver nitrate solution, forming both silver iodide and silver bromide crystals.
The plate is then exposed for about 15 seconds (depending on subject and lighting conditions) in the camera using a darkslide.
The plate is then transferred to a solution of water, iron sulfate, acetic acid and alcohol, therefore allowing it to develop.
After this, the plate is fixed in hypo, washed and finally dried.
Albumen paper was used to contact print a finished negative, creating a lantern slide. In normal temperature conditions, the photographer would have had approximately 20 minutes to coat, expose and process a plate. In cold conditions time was shorter, and the collodion had to be warmed to be able o be poured out of the bottle. In hot conditions, the solution would often take longer to set sufficiently on the plate.
Theodore Roosevelt on broken glass, taken between 1890-1910
References:
- (No author) 1984, ICP encyclopaedia of photography, Pound Press, New York
- Wikipedia, Collodion process, viewed 9 August 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process